Effect of Harvesting Stage and Drying Method on Cowpea Leaf Nutrient Composition

Cowpea leaves are lost annually due to infestation and spoilage when being transported to clients and the losses at the local markets are brought on by inadequate postharvest handling procedures and market glut, particularly during peak seasons. High moisture content from the cowpea leaves at harvest stage may contribute to increased spoilage hence lowering quantity and quality. The choice of appropriate harvesting stage and drying method can help to reduce this problem. The aim of this study was to determine the best harvesting stage and efficient drying method that would maintain high leaf nutrient composition. Cowpeas variety M66 was used for the research and the treatments included three harvesting stages (21, 35 and 49 days after sowing [DAS]), three drying methods (open sun, solar dryer and oven. Data was collected on iron, calcium, crude fibre, beta carotene, protein and moisture content. The data was subjected for variance using Statistical Analysis System 9.2 edition and significantly different means separated using least significant difference at 5%. The results indicated significant (p<0.05) differences in moisture, calcium, proteins, beta carotene and crude fibre content in both trials. Harvest stage and drying method did not significantly (p<0.05) influence the iron content. Oven and solar drying methods showed better nutrient and mineral retention in the three harvesting stages when compared to the open sun drying method.

Study on the Effect of Different Drying Methods on the Proximate, Nutritional and Mineral Composition of Clarias gariepinus (Catfish)

Aim: This study investigated the effect of modern drying methods on the proximate, nutritional, and mineral composition of Clarias gariepinus in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Methods: Fresh C. gariepinus were purchased from Mile 3 Market in Port Harcourt, Rivers State. Samples were dissected using a sharp knife, intestinal components, and gills were removed and the edible portion was washed properly and rinsed with distilled water. Samples were treated in four groups: fresh, smoking using firewood, electric drying (200oC), and non-electric drying (200oC for 30 minutes) methods. Samples were blended using mortar and pestle into powder and kept in an air-tight container prior to analyses. Results: The proximate composition of C. gariepinus revealed that crude protein concentration was in the following proportions; electric drying method (52.16+0.01%), non-electric drying method (43.40+0.00%), smoking method (32.72+0.00%) and fresh (23.01+0.00%). The lipid content of smoked and electric-dried C. gariepinus was significantly (p<0.05) higher compared to the fresh sample. However, there was no significant difference between the lipid content of fresh C. gariepinus sample and non-electric dried sample. The carbohydrate content increased in the smoking and electric drying methods but decreased in the non-electric drying method. The ash content increased only in the smoking method but decreased in both the electric dryer and non-electric dryer methods. Fresh samples had the highest moisture content (74.03+0.00%) while the least was observed in the electric dried sample (38.84+0.00%). The percent anti-nutrient composition of C. gariepinus showed that smoked samples had the highest flavonoid concentration (3.252±0.00%) which was not significantly higher (p>0.05) than the flavonoid content of electric dried C. gariepinus (2.89±0.33). The levels of selected minerals showed varying concentrations of potassium, sodium and calcium for the various processing methods. Conclusion: Modern drying methods had a significant effect on the proximate component, flavonoids, and oxalate composition of C. gariepinus. Electric drying method showed to be a better method of drying Clarias gariepinus compared to other drying methods.

Research progress on platelet-rich fibrin preparation and preservation technology / 国际外科学杂志

Platelet-rich fibrin(PRF), a second-generation of platelet concentrate with stereo fibrin structure, leukocyte and platelets, can release various cytokines and growth factors to promote wound healing. PRF has been widely used in the treatment of various acute and chronic wounds in traumatic surgery, plastic surgery and stomatology. Chronic wounds are common in traumatic surgery, but conventional treatment is often ineffective. Accumulating evidences have confirmed that PRF has excellent therapeutic effect on chronic wounds. According to various methods such as different specimen, centrifugation, centrifuge tube material, and freeze-drying, the researchers tried to improve the efficiency of PRF. The progress of platelet-rich fibrin preparation technology and preservation technology are reviewed in this paper.

Cause Analysis and Solution Strategy of Poor Solubility of Dioscoreae Rhizoma Formula Granules / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Dioscoreae Rhizoma formula granules are made from decoction pieces by decocting， extracting， separating， concentrating， drying and granulating， which have the advantages of simple dispensing， convenient use and easy to take without decoction. However， because Dioscoreae Rhizoma is rich in starch and mucus components， its extract powder and formula granules are poorly soluble and difficult to dissolve or disperse completely within 5 min， and the insoluble material is difficult to dissolve completely even after 24 h in water， which affects the quality evaluation of the formula granules and medication psychology of patients. Therefore， by studying the dissolution process and mechanism of Dioscoreae Rhizoma extract and its formula granules， it was found that the special chemical composition of Dioscoreae Rhizoma， the denaturation of starch and its compounding with protein and other substances during the high temperature extraction process， and the contraction of coating membrane during the spray drying process were combined to form the special microstructure of coating membrane covering starch granules， and it is the root cause of poor solubility of Dioscoreae Rhizoma formula granules. Based on the research on the structure， property and function of the powder， this paper proposed a technical strategy to improve the solubility of Dioscoreae Rhizoma formula granules by powder modification process， and experimentally demonstrated that the modified Dioscoreae Rhizoma formula granules could completely dissolve within 2 min， which solved the technical problem and could provide reference for the improvement of solubility of other similar varieties， and promote the high-quality development of traditional Chinese medicine formula granule industry.

Current research status and application prospect of numerical simulation in traditional Chinese medicine drying / 中国中药杂志

With the rapid development of computer technology, numerical simulation has gradually become an important method to study drying process and improve drying equipment. Using computer to simulate the drying process of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is characterized by intuitiveness, scientificity, and low cost, which serves as an auxiliary means for technical innovation in TCM drying. This paper summarizes the theories of different drying methods and the research status of numerical simulation in drying, introduces the modeling methods and software of numerical simulation, and expounds the significance of numerical simulation modeling in shortening the research and development cycle, improving drying equipment, and optimizing drying parameters. However, the current numerical simulation method for drying process has problems, such as low accuracy, lack of quantitative indicators for the control of simulation results on the process, and insufficient in-depth research on the mechanism of drug quality changes. Furthermore, this paper put forward the application prospect of numerical simulation in TCM drying, providing reference for the further study of numerical simulation in this field.

Effects of different drying methods on quality of male flowers of Eucommia ulmoides based on color and chemical composition / 中国中药杂志

To study the effects of different drying methods on the quality of male flowers of Eucommia ulmoides(MFOEU), we treated fresh MFOEU samples with drying in the shade(DS), vacuum freeze drying(VFD), high-or low-temperature hot air drying(HTHAD, LTHAD), microwave drying(MD), and vacuum drying(VD), respectively. The color, total flavonoid content, total polysaccharide content, and main active components such as geniposide, geniposidic acid, rutin, chlorogenic acid, galuteolin, pinoresinol diglucoside, and aucubin in MFOEU were taken as the evaluation indicators. The quality of MFOEU was comprehensively evaluated by entropy weight method combined with color index method, partial least squares discriminant analysis and content clustering heat map. The experimental results showed that VFD and DS basically kept the original color of MFOEU. The MFOEU treated with MD had higher content of total polysaccharides, phenylpropanoids, lignans, and iridoids. The MFOEU treated with LTHAD had higher content of total flavonoids and that treated with VD had lower content of active components. According to the results of comprehensive evaluation, the quality of MFOEU dried with different methods followed the order of MD>HTHAD>VFD>LTHAD>DS>VD. Considering the color of MFOEU, the suitable drying methods were DS and VFD. Considering the color, active components, and economic benefits of MFOEU, MD was the suitable drying method. The results of this study are of a reference value for the determination of suitable methods for MFOEU processing in the producing areas.

Process optimization of physicochemical properties of spray-dried Hydrocotyle umbellata L. extract

Abstract Hydrocotyle umbellata L., Araliaceae, is a species that is recommended in Ayurvedic medicine for its effects on the central nervous system, such as anxiolytic and memory-stimulant effects. Despite the medicinal potential of this species, its phytopharmaceutical and technological potential to produce standardized extracts has not been investigated. This study analyzes the influence of spray drying parameters on the contents of the chemical markers (total phenolic, total flavonoid, and hibalactone) and the functional properties of H. umbellata extract. The optimization of drying conditions was performed using a central composite design combined with response surface methodology and desirability function approach. The mathematical models fitted to experimental data indicated that all the evaluated drying parameters significantly influenced the chemical contents. The optimal conditions were: inlet temperature of 120 °C, feed flow rate of 4 mL min-1, and colloidal silicon dioxide:maltodextrin ratio of 16%:4%. Under these conditions, the powder samples had spherical particles and desirable physicochemical and functional properties, such as low water activity and moisture content, good product recovery, reconstitution, and flowability. Thus, spray drying might be a promising technique for processing standardized H. umbellata extracts.

Preservation of phenolic compounds on dried leaf infusion of Bauhinia forficata Link

Abstract Bauhinia forficata Link aqueous extract is usually recommended as a phytomedicine to reduce blood glucose levels and its biological activity has been linked to the presence of phenolic compounds from B. forficata preparations. Several drying processes are used in the production of dry herbal extracts, which may influence the chemical composition and efficacy of final herbal medicines. Due to significant chemical changes, defining appropriate drying processes is essential for phytopharmaceutical drug development. In view of this, we analyzed dried B. forficata leaf infusion (BFLI) extracts by HPLC-UV-MSn, followed by molecular networking analysis to evaluate the chemical profiles from dried extracts yielded by freeze-and spray-drying processes. The main metabolites detected included 11 ferulic/isoferulic acid derivatives and 13 glycosylated flavonoids. The qualitative chemical profiles were alike for both drying processes, whereas the relative abundance of some flavonoids was higher using spray-drying. Taken together, our results showed that freeze-and spray-drying preserved the phenolic profile of BFLI and suggested that spray-drying may be the most suitable to obtain its dried products. Along with studying the chemical profiles of dried herbal extracts, evaluating the influence of drying processes on the quality and chemical profiles of final products is pivotal and may benefit future research.

Correlation Analysis Between Material Basis and Color Characteristics of Polygoni Multiflori Radix Decoction Pieces During Ancient Classical Nine-time Repeating Steaming and Sun-drying Processing / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo analyze the dynamic changes of the main chemical components and color characteristics of Polygoni Multiflori Radix（PMR） during the process of ancient classical nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying， and to explore the correlation between the changes. MethodHigh performance liquid chromatography（HPLC） was used to determine the contents of gallic acid， stilbene glycoside， emodin-8-O-β-D-glucoside， physcion-8-O-β-D-glucoside， emodin and physcion in PMR during the process of nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying， and electronic eye technology was used to objectively characterize the color of PMR during the process. Partial least squares（PLS） was used to analyze the correlation between the content of main components and the color characteristics. ResultDuring the nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying process of PMR， the content of gallic acid gradually increased with the increase of steaming and sun-drying times， and the contents of other components showed fluctuating changes， with an overall decreasing trend in the contents of stilbene glycoside， emodin-8-O-β-D-glucoside and physcion-8-O-β-D-glucoside， and an overall increasing trend in the contents of emodin and physcion. The results of electronic eye analysis showed that the color of PMR became dark， red and blue in the process of nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying. The results of hierarchical cluster analysis（HCA） and principal component analysis（PCA） of the contents of six main components and the colors showed that the samples steamed and sun-dried for one to four times could be grouped into one category， the other five categories of samples could be grouped into another category. Gallic acid and stilbene glycoside were significantly correlated with the color indexes of PMR during the process of nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying. ConclusionThe general changes of material basis and color characteristics of PMR during the process of ancient classical nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying have certain rules， and the establishment of the correlation model between color and index components can realize the judgment and quality evaluation of processing degree of PMR decoction pieces.

Optimization of the preparation process of Soft-shelled turtle blood lyophilized powder using Box-Behnken response surface methodology / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To optimize the preparation process of Soft-shelled turtle blood lyophilized powder （STBLP）， and to provide a reference for improving the availability and quality stability of soft-shelled turtle blood （STB）. METHODS STBLP was prepared with vacuum freeze-drying. Taking the solubility as the index， the preparation process parameters of STBLP were optimized by single factor experiment and Box-Behnken response surface method. RESULTS The optimal freeze-drying process for STBLP was obtained： pre-freezing time of 4 h， total drying time of 13 h （before at 0 ℃）， and resolution drying temperature of 25 ℃. The average solubility of 3 batches of STBLP prepared according to the optimal process was 95.72% （RSD＝0.68%， n＝3）， the relative error of which was －0.97% to the theoretical solubility （96.66%）. CONCLUSIONS Optimized lyophilization process in this study are stable and feasible， the solubility of the prepared sample is high.

Screening and safety evaluation of heat-resistant protective agents for live classic swine fever vaccine / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Objective To screen the formulation of heat-resistant protective agent for live classic swine fever(CSF) vaccine in order to prolong the preservation time of vaccine under harsh conditions.Methods The heat-resistant protective agent prepared based on the formula containing gelatin,D-sorbitol,trehalose,D casein hydrolysate of different contents was mixed with the live virus antigen of CSF and then lyophilized.The finished products with qualified appearance were screened for routine detection and aging resistance test,and the over-dose(10 and 30 portions) of the products qualified in the aging resistance test were used to immunize piglets via subauricular neck,5 for each to evaluate the safety of the vaccines.Results Among the 6 batches of lyophilized live CSF vaccine,3 batches(20200301,20200302 and 20200303) met the requirements of the current Chinese Veterinary Pharmacopoeia.The lyophilized loss was within 0.04～0.33 titers,and the moisture contents were all less than 2%;20200301 and 20200302 batches of finished products passed the aging resistance test.No adverse clinical symptoms were observed in all piglets 30 min after vaccination;The body temperatures of piglets vaccinated with 10 and 30 doses of vaccine were normal for 14 d after vaccination.Conclusion The two formulations of heatresistant protective agent selected might be used for freeze-dried preparations of live CSF vaccine with good effect of aging resistance and safety to piglets.

Captadores solares de placa plana para el secado solar indirecto de alimentos: características y aplicaciones / Flat plate solar collectors for indirect type solar food drying: characteristics, and applications

Resumen La industria alimentaria utiliza hasta el 15 % del total de la energía eléctrica que demanda el sector industrial, principalmente en procesos de secado. Esto suscita la búsqueda de nuevas alternativas de secado que reduzcan el uso de energía eléctrica. Una opción es el secado solar, principalmente, el de tipo indirecto, a través de captadores solares de placa plana (CSPP). El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar los recientes desarrollos de los CSPP, características, ventajas, desventajas, eficiencia y diversas tecnologías utilizadas en conjunto, para aumentar la eficiencia térmica en el secado solar. Los CSPP han desarrollado, a través de la hibridación con la utilización de otras fuentes de energía (eléctrica, biomasa, solar), un incremento en su eficiencia que los vuelve cada vez más viables para ser utilizados en procesos comerciales de secado de alimentos.

Abstract The food industry uses up to 15 % of the total electrical energy demanded by the industrial sector, mainly in drying processes. This motivates the search for new drying alternatives that reduce the use of electrical energy. One option is solar drying; mainly indirect type solar drying, that uses flat plate solar collectors (FPSC). The objective of this work was to analyze the recent developments of the FPSC, their characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, efficiency, and the range of technologies used in conjunction with the FPSC to increase their thermal efficiency for solar drying. The FPSC have developed through hybridization with the use of other energy sources (electricity, biomass, solar), an increase in their efficiency, that increasingly turns them into viable options for food drying processes.

Processamento e conservação de enxertos de pele: uma abordagem com foco nos métodos de criopreservação, liofilização e glicerolização / Skin grafts processing and conservation: an approach focusing on cryopreservation, freeze-drying and glycerol conservation methods

Introdução: o uso de substitutos cutâneos para o tratamento de diversas feridas graves é uma forma eficiente de prevenir infecções e favorecer o processo de reepitelização. No entanto, tecidos biológicos estão suscetíveis a degradação e contaminação. Por isso, devem ser submetidos a rigorosos protocolos de processamento e testes que comprovem suas contribuições benéficas e segurança de aplicação. Objetivo: trazer uma abordagem sobre as principais características dos métodos de criopreservação, glicerolização e liofilização e sua consequencia nos aspectos imunológicos, microbiológicos e de viabilidade tecidual de enxertos de pele humana. Metodologia: foi realizada uma busca online utilizando as palavras chaves "criopreservação", "liofilização", "glicerolização", "enxertos", "processamento tecidual" e "engenharia dos tecidos" em múltiplas combinações nos bancos de dados PubMed, LILACS e ScienceDirect. Resultados: 200 artigos científicos foram obtidos, 26 excluídos por duplicidade, 92 selecionados para leitura integral a partir da leitura de seus resumos e 27 utilizados na construção desta revisão. A liofilização e a glicerolização são métodos semelhantes considerando a viabilidade tecidual. O uso de glicerol traz como principal desvantagem sua citotoxicidade quando comparado aos outros métodos. A criopreservação mantém os tecidos viáveis. Contudo, pode ser mais cara e trazer riscos de transmissão de microorganismos patogênicos. De modo geral, não é bem estabelecido quais os melhores métodos de conservação para uma adequada conservação da viabilidade dos enxertos de pele. Considerações Finais: os 3 métodos, liofilização, glicerolização e criopreservação, possuem aplicabilidade na conservação de enxertos. A falta de padronização na aplicação de enxertos apesar de sua frequente aplicação e a escassez de estudos recentes sobre o tema justificam o presente estudo.

Introduction: the use of skin substitutes for treatment of several wounds is an efficient way to prevent infections and allow the re-epithelialization process. However, biological tissues are susceptible to degradation and contamination. Therefore, they must undergo rigorous processing and testing protocols that prove their beneficial contributions and application security. Objective:to bring an approach on the main characteristics of cryopreservation, freeze-drying and glycerol conservation methods and their implications on immunological, microbiological and tissue viability aspects when applied to human skin grafts. Methodology:a mostly online search was performed using the keywords "cryopreservation", "freeze-drying", "glycerol conservation", "grafts", "tissue processing" and "tissue engineering" in multiple combinations in PubMed, LILACS and ScienceDirect databases. Results: 200 scientific articles were rescued, 26 excluded by duplicity, 92 selected for full reading from the reading of their abstracts and 27 used in the construction of this review. Freeze-drying and glycerol conservation are similar methods, with glycerol conservation having greater economic advantage. The use of glycerol presents cytotoxicity when compared to the other methods. Cryopreservation keeps tissues viable, however, is more expensive and carry risks of transmission of pathogenic microorganisms. Overall, there is a lack of clarity about the importance of viability in the performance of skin grafts. Final considerations: the 3 methods have applicability in graft conservation. The lack of standardization in graft application despite its frequent application and the scarcity of recent studies on the subject justify the present study.

Merits and pitfalls of normal saline rehydrated air-dried cervical smears over conventional wet.fixed PAP smears: A comparative study

Background: Cervical Papanicolaou (PAP) smear is the simplest, minimal invasive, and excellent screening method to reduce the female morbidity and mortality due to cervical carcinoma. Immediate alcohol fixation of the cervical smears is required to preserve nuclear details, delay in alcohol fixation leads to air drying artifacts. Rehydrating of the air-dried cervical pap smear with normal saline can help to overcome these artifacts and also have its own advantages. Aims: This study was design to evaluate the effects, merits and pitfalls of normal saline Rehydrated Air-Dried Cervical PAP Smears (RADPS) compared with the Conventional Papanicolaou Smear (C-PAPS). Settings and Design: Comparative study. Methods and Material: Prospectively paired cervical smears of 100 women, who presented to the outpatient department of gynecology of our institute, were prepared. Alcohol fixed smears were labelled as conventional Papanicolaou smear (C-PAPS) and air-dried smears labelled as rehydrated air-dried PAP smears (RADPS). Eight cytomorphological parameters were considered for comparison and analyzed. Statistical analysis used: Chisquare (?2)/Fisher exact test. Results: Clear background with red blood cells (RBC) lysis was noted in 93% of RADPS and 54% of C-PAPS. Cytolysis was observed more in C-PAPS (18%) than in RADPS (08%). Air-drying artifacts observed in 30% of C-PAPS and 08% of RADPS. Cytoplasmic staining (92% of RADPS and 85% of C-PAPS) was superior in RADPS. Cell border, nuclear chromatin, and border were also better appreciated on RADPS as compared to C-PAPS. Statistically significant difference was observed with 3 parameters, i.e., air-drying artifacts, RBC background, and distinct cell borders. Conclusion: Rehydration of air-dried smears can be adopted in regular practice, as an alternative or coupled with conventional wet fixation method to overcome the commonly faced problems of air-drying artifacts, especially in rural screening programs.

Lovastatin Concentration in Pleurotus ostreatus as Affected by Acid and Blanching Treatments Combined to Drying and Canning Processes

Aims: Lovastatin is a cholesterol-lowering drug produced by several filamentous fungi as a secondary metabolite. Its concentration in mushroom can be affected by many post-harvest processes. In this study, fruiting bodies of Pleurotus ostreatus grown on corn cobs were used to evaluate the effect of conservation techniques on their lovastatin concentration. Methodology: acid and blanching treatments combined to different processes of fruiting bodies conservation like sun drying, oven drying and canning by autoclave cooking were tested to evaluate their effect on lovastatin concentration. Results: Sun drying, oven drying at 60°C/70°C and canning using autoclave cooking at 100°C did not significantly affect lovastatin concentration. On the contrary, oven drying at 80°C caused the reduction of this compound up to 45.4% with respect to fresh product irrespective of the precedent use of citric acid or blanching treatments. Also, during canning, the use of autoclave heat treatments at temperatures 110 and 121°C for 15 minute caused a significant reduction of lovastatin concentration of about 52.2% and 48.9% respectively compared to the control. In this regards, it can be concluded that processes that use dry thermal treatments higher than 80°C and autoclave heat treatments higher than 100°C will contribute to the reduction of lovastatin, the cholesterol-lowering compound in Pleurotus ostreatus.

Flavor Characterization of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma Processed with Nine-time Repeating Steaming and Sun-drying Based on Intelligent Sensory Technology / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo analyze the flavor substances and change rules of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma during the process of nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying. MethodThe flavor response values of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma samples were obtained by using PEN3 electronic nose system. The data were processed and analyzed by principal component analysis （PCA）， linear discriminant analysis （LDA） and Loadings analysis. ResultRhei Radix et Rhizoma processed with nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying could be effectively distinguished into two categories as the sixth sample was the turning point. The samples steamed and dried for one to five times could be grouped into one category， the other four samples were obviously distinguished from them. The main flavor components reached the maximum response in the sample processed with six-time repeating steaming and sun-drying， and its response value of inorganic sulfur compounds was about 2.7 times that of the sample processed with one-time repeating steaming and sun-drying. In addition， compared with the raw products， the flavors of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma processed with nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying and wine stewing changed significantly， and the response value of inorganic sulfur compounds in sample processed with nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying was about 2.2 times that of raw products. From the perspective of flavor analysis， the response values of inorganic sulfur compounds and nitrogen-oxygen compounds in sample processed with nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying were higher than those of wine-stewed products， and the two were not completely equivalent. ConclusionElectronic nose technology preliminarily clarifies the dynamic change rules of the flavor of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma during the process of nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying from the flavor characteristics， and clarifies the difference between products processed with nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying and wine-stewed products from the odor characteristics， which lays a foundation for revealing the processing principle of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma processed with nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying.

Effect of Different Drying Methods on Volatile Components in Pseudostellariae Radix Based on GC-IMS / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo compare the effects of different drying methods on volatile components of Pseudostellariae Radix. MethodThe samples were dried by different methods， including air drying， sun drying， hot air drying （40， 60， 80 ℃） and vacuum freeze drying. Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry （GC-IMS） was used to compare the changes of volatile components in the samples after different treatments. The samples were incubated at 80 ℃ and 500 r·min-1 for 15 min， the injection temperature was 85 ℃， the injection volume was 200 μL， the flow rate of carrier gas was from 2 mL to 150 mL during 20 min， and the temperature of IMS detector was 60 ℃. SE-54 capillary column （0.32 mm×30 m， 0.25 μm） was used， the column temperature was 60 ℃， and the analysis time was 35 min. The differential spectra of volatile components were constructed and analyzed by principal component analysis （PCA）. ResultA total of 37 volatile components were identified from dried Pseudostellariae Radix. The number of compounds in descending order was ketones， aldehydes and alcohols. There were some differences in the volatile components in samples dried by different methods. And the volatile components in samples with sun drying， air drying and hot air drying at 40 ℃ were similar， compared with other drying methods， vacuum freeze drying and hot air drying at 80 ℃ had great effects on the volatile components of Pseudostellariae Radix， and the compounds in the samples with vacuum freeze drying were the least. ConclusionIn this study， GC-IMS for the detection and analysis of volatile components in Pseudostellariae Radix is established， which has the characteristics of high efficiency， nondestructive inspection and simple sample processing. This method can be used for the distinction of Pseudostellariae Radix dried by different methods. And hot air drying at 40 ℃ can effectively retain the volatile components of Pseudostellariae Radix， and achieve similar flavor to samples with sun drying and air drying.

Influence of diode laser and warm air drying on the shear bond strength of Lithium di-silicate to Dentin. An in-vitro study / Influência do laser de diodo e da secagem com ar quente na resistência ao cisalhamento do Di-silicato de Lítio a dentina. Um estudo in-vitro

Objective: The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of diode laser irradiation (980 nm) and warm air drying (50°C) on shear bond strength between Lithium di-silicate (IPS e.max; Ivoclar) and human dentin using both (Etch & Rinse) adhesive, Adper™ Single Bond 2 (3M ESPE) and (Self-etch) adhesive, Single Bond UniversalTM(3M ESPE) before adhesive polymerization. Material and Methods: 54 sound lower molars were sectioned to obtain flat dentinal surfaces. Specimens were divided into 2 equal groups (n=27): Group 1 (ER) and Group 2 (SE) according to bonding approach. Each subgroup was subdivided according to dentin surface treatment into 3 equal subgroups (n=9): Control (Co), Diode laser irradiation (L) and Warm air drying (W). All specimens were adhesively cemented to IPS e.max® CAD discs using RelyX™ Ultimate Clicker™(3M ESPE) resin cement. Samples were then subjected to pre-loading in a thermodynamic manner. All samples were tested for shear bond strength using computer-controlled material testing machine. Data analysis was performed using two-way (ANOVA) (p< 0.05) followed by pair-wise Tukey's post-hoc tests. Results: In (SE) group, the subgroup (W) had the highest shear bond strength values followed by (Co) subgroup and the least was (L) subgroup with statistically significant difference. As for (ER) group, the subgroup (W) had the highest shear bond strength values followed by (Co) subgroup and the least was (L) subgroup with no statistically significant difference. Conclusion: Warm air drying for (SE) bonding approach increased shear bond strength of Lithium di-silicate to human dentin and can be introduced as a new effective protocol.(AU)

Objetivo: o objetivo do estudo atual é avaliar o efeito da radiação do laser de diodo (980nm) e secagem de ar quente (50°C) na resistência ao cisalhamento entre dissilicati de Lítio (IPS e.max; Ivoclar) e a dentina humana usando ambos modelos de adesivos (condicionamento total) Adper™ Single Bond e (auto-condicionante) Single Bond Universal™ (3M ESPE), Single Bond UniversalTM (3M ESPE) antes da fotopolimerização. Material e Métodos: 54 segundos molares inferiores foram selecionados para obter superfícies dentinárias planas. Os espécimes foram divididos em 2 grupos iguais (n=27): grupo 1 (ER) e grupo 2 (SE) de acordo com protocolo de adesividade. Cada grupo foi subdividido de acordo com o tratamento de superfície dentro de 3 subgrupos iguais (n=9): Controle (co), irradiação com laser de diodo (L) e secagem com ar quente (W). Todos os espécimes foram adesivamente cimentados a discos de IPS emax CAD usando RelyX Ultimate Clicker (3M ESPE) cimento resinoso. As amostras foram então submetidas a pré-carregamento de forma termodinâmica. Todas as amostras foram testadas para resistência a cisalhamento usando máquina de teste de materiais controlados por computador. A análise de dados foi realizada usando ANOVA dois fatores (p<0.05) seguindo por testes de Tukey pareado como test post-hoc. Resultados: No grupo (SE), o subgrupo (W) apresentou maiores valores de resistência ao cisalhamento seguindo o subgrupo (Co) é o menor foi o subgrupo (L) com diferença estatisticamente significativa. Já para o grupo (Er), o subgrupo (W) apresentou os maiores valores de resistência ao cisalhamento seguido do grupo (Co) e o menor foi o subgrupo (L) sem diferença estatisticamente significante. Conclusão: a secagem com ar quente para a abordagem de adesividade (Se) aumentou a resistência ao cisalhamento do dissilicato de lítio à dentina humana e poderia ser introduzido como um novo e eficaz protocolo(AU)

Spray-dried co-amorphous Tadalafil ternary mixtures: a promising platform towards the enhancement of solubility and bioavailability

Abstract Tadalafil (Tad) is a poorly water-soluble drug (BCS class II) that is used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. An enhancement of aqueous solubility is vital to accelerate its onset of action and subsequently enhance its therapeutic effect. Binary and ternary mixtures of Tad with different amino acids (histidine, valine, alanine or arginine) and other excipients (mannitol and SLS) were prepared and then spray dried. The solubilizing efficiency and physicochemical characterization of all spray dried mixtures of Tad were studied. The optimum formulation was investigated in male rats to determine the onset of erection and the pharmacokinetic parameters of Tad. In general terms, the drug solubility of spray-dried formulae was enhanced compared to the crystalline form of the drug as a result of the formation of co-amorphous structures. The final result revealed that the Tad/alanine/mannitol spray-dried mixture (F10) showed the highest solubility and an improvement in its physicochemical characteristics. Moreover, F10 showed a significantly faster erection in rats with an improvement in Tad pharmacokinetic parameters when compared to the crystalline drug. Thus, F10 is selected as a promising formulation that successfully enhanced the bioavailability and the therapeutic efficacy of Tad.

Spray Drying in Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine Powders： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

After more than 100 years of development， spray drying technology has become more mature and widely used， and it is of great importance in the field of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）. TCM powders prepared by spray drying is the raw material of dispensing granules， and the powder properties have an important influence on subsequent molding process and product quality. As a new form of TCM， dispensing granules have been included in the management category of TCM decoction pieces， indicating a broader application market， and a consensus has also been reached on the importance of TCM powder research. Based on this， the author summarized the application progress of spray drying in the study of TCM powders， including the factors affecting spray drying process， such as liquid properties， process parameters and equipment factors， as well as the application of computational fluid dynamics （CFD） and thermodynamic model in spray drying process simulation. Moreover， some commonly used pharmaceutical excipients for the modification of TCM powders were also introduced such as maltodextrin， microcrystalline cellulose and povidone. In addition， spray drying technology can also be used as a preparation technology for new drug delivery systems such as microcapsules and solid dispersions. Through the summary of this paper， the author suggests that the future research direction of spray drying of TCM can be carried out from the aspects of application rule of the coprocessing auxiliary materials based on the "unification of medicines and excipients"， the "structure-property" relationship of spray-dried powders and the application of computer simulation and design， so as to further enrich the application of spray drying in the field of TCM powders.